Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects language and literacy development?

Personal likes and hobbies influence an individual's interests and engagement with various literacy activities, such as reading or writing for pleasure. However, they do not directly affect the fundamental processes of language and literacy development in the same way that the other factors do. Physical and clinical factors, such as hearing impairments or speech disorders, can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to acquire language skills. Environmental factors, including exposure to language-rich environments and the availability of educational resources, play a crucial role in supporting language and literacy growth. Similarly, social factors, including interactions with peers and family support, are essential for developing communication skills and literacy. Thus, while personal interests may enhance motivation or willingness to engage with literacy, they are not foundational factors in the developmental process itself.